Otto Bayer and the History of Polyurethane

Otto Bayer and the History of Polyurethane Polyurethane is a natural polymerâ composed ofâ organicâ units joined byâ carbamate (urethane) joins. While most polyurethanes areâ thermosetting polymersâ that don't soften when heated,â thermoplastic polyurethanesâ are additionally accessible. As per the Alliance of The Polyurethane Industry, Polyurethanes are framed by responding a polyol (a liquor with in excess of two receptive hydroxyl bunches for every atom) with a diisocyanate or a polymeric isocyanate within the sight of appropriate impetuses and added substances. Polyurethanes are most popular to general society as adaptable froths: upholstery, mattresses,â earplugs, substance safe coatings, claim to fame cements andâ sealants, and bundling. It likewise goes to the unbending types of protection for structures, water radiators, refrigerated vehicle, and business and private refrigeration. Polyurethane items frequently are just called â€Å"urethanes†, yet ought not be befuddled withâ ethyl carbamate, which is additionally called urethane. Polyurethanes neither contain nor are delivered from ethyl carbamate. Otto Bayer Otto Bayer and collaborators at IG Farbenâ in Leverkusen, Germany,â discovered and licensed the science of polyurethanes in 1937. Bayer (1902 - 1982) built up the novel polyisocyanate-polyaddition process. The fundamental thought which he reports from March 26, 1937, identifies with spinnable items made of hexane-1,6-diisocyanate (HDI) and hexa-1,6-diamine (HDA). Distribution of German Patent DRP 728981 on November 13, 1937: A procedure for the creation of polyurethanes and polyureas. The group of creators comprised of Otto Bayer, Werner Siefken, Heinrich Rinke, L. Orthner and H. Schild. Heinrich Rinkeâ Octamethylene diisocyanate and butanediol-1,4 are the units of a polymer created by Heinrich Rinke. He called this territory of polymers polyurethanes, a name which was soon to get known worldwide for a very flexible class of materials.â Directly from the beginning, exchange names were given to polyurethane items. Igamidâ ® for plastics materials, Perlonâ ® for fibers.â William Hanford and Donald Holmesâ William Edward Hanford and Donald Fletcher Holmes developed a procedure for making the multipurpose material polyurethane. Different Uses In 1969, Bayer showed an all-plastic vehicle in Dà ¼sseldorf, Germany. Portions of this vehicle, including the body boards, were made utilizing another procedure calledâ reaction infusion molding (RIM), in which the reactants were blended and afterward infused into a form. The expansion of fillers delivered strengthened RIM (RRIM), which gave enhancements inâ flexural modulusâ (stiffness), decrease in coefficient of warm expansionâ and better warm security. By utilizing this innovation, the principal plastic-body car was presented in the United States in 1983. It was called the Pontiac Fiero. Further increments in firmness were gotten by fusing pre-set glass mats into the RIM form depression, called pitch infusion shaping, or basic RIM. Polyurethane froth (counting froth elastic) is at times made utilizing modest quantities ofâ blowing agentsâ to give less thick froth, better padding/vitality retention or warm protection. In the mid 1990s, due to their effect onâ ozone exhaustion, the Montreal Protocolâ restricted the utilization of manyâ chlorine-containing blowing operators. By the late 1990s, blowing operators such asâ carbon dioxide and pentane were generally utilized in North America and the EU.

Physiological Cost of War

The principle worry before the Iraq experience, in the United States rotated around the nearly overlooked veterans of the Vietnam War who had at one time put their lives in hurts way were all the while addressing the cost and adapting to determined brokenness. These veteran’s human services issues and the arrangement of legitimate assets and administrations for these maturing men were ending up being an aggravation of the former days, and afterward the Gulf War came to us; or rather we went to it with open arms.The wheel has turned round trip by and by and today an entirely different and youthful age of veterans has come to supplant the old veterans before they are completely gone into the pages of history. Maybe this new issue of new medicinal services gives that has been constrained on our cognizant may likewise make us save a couple of musings for our more established veterans. They are as yet reeling from the mental damage done to them a long time back and maybe this will fill in as a notification to us that most likely, the new age of veterans will likewise convey comparable scars into their and our prospects too.They have done their part and we should not neglect to do our own, by dealing with them and by not overlooking them as we overlooked a portion of the old ones. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder It was â€Å"Shell Shock† in World War 1 and â€Å"Combat Neurosis† in World War 11 and now it is PTSD. Since the development of humanity there have been fights and wars and independent of their results, they have had a wide range of long terms consequences for humankind and the American Psychiatric Association have at last remembered it as â€Å"Anxiety Disorder† and named it as PTSD.Let us trust and supplicate that there are not any more future wars and this scourge doesn't need to be re-imagined any more and given another extravagant name. PTSD, as we will call it by its present term is a consequence of injuries, and ordinarily a fter an individual experiences one; it sets in inside a couple of months and keeps going quite a long while or even lifetimes. As a rule in wars officers and regular folks are frequently exposed to savagery and brutalities during fights and wars while taking an interest in them or in any event, seeing them and these encounters causes’ traumas.PTSD in any case, may likewise be brought about by non-battle occurrences of viciousness and ruthlessness towards regular folks and warriors, with numerous veterans never having been forceful yet experiencing significant sentiment of blame due to their having been related with such acts. It has anyway to be noticed that savagery in fighting is unmistakably the explanation behind activating PTSD.The indications for PTSD can change like the re-encountering of horrible accidents, for example, flashbacks or meddlesome contemplations, bad dreams, fanatical memories, shirking side effects like dread of being with individuals, indications of hy per excitement like effectively being surprised or bothered, expanded excitement, evasion of encounters or individuals who trigger recollections of such occasions, anxiety, over-response to unexpected clamor, troublesome in resting, cold sweats, bad dreams, trouble in relating genuinely to other people, episodes of anger with discouragements, miseries, sentiments of extraordinary distance and negligible, disengagement from individuals, in outrageous cases musings of homicide or self destruction and so forth. For these manifestations to create, it can take anything from a couple of months to years to arrive at the phase where it is completely exploded. As officers are persuaded that confirmation of terrible emotions are indications of shortcoming, their bosses as a rule debilitate them from looking for proficient assistance and in this way making it hard to recognize PTSD timely.To improve the nature of their lives and their inclinations, warriors should deal with themselves as most ideal as and not capitulate to peer weight, and look for help from a certified psychological wellness proficient. PTSD can be treated through treatment, medicine or a blend of both (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder). Social insurance of Veterans The guideline obligation regarding the arrangement of human services for veterans is with the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). The people qualified for get clinical consideration and restoration administrations are either from the normal military, National Guards or from the reservists, in any case, their advantages, treatment and the administrations they benefit contrast in some ways.The assigned organizations and establishments that take care explicitly of the medical issues and inabilities which emerge during or subsequent to having come back from well-trained of veterans don't offer their types of assistance to the overall population. Danger of Veterans various investigations have announced that genu ine imperfections are existing in the reaction these veterans are getting from the country. The assortment and revealing of the veteran’s word related and natural wellbeing and security (OEHS) isn't being recorded appropriately and the usage of information is now and again fundamentally wrong in distinguishing the exposures that had put the individuals from the furnished administrations in danger. The right information on such exposures is crucially significant for appropriate determination and treatment and veterans on occasion in danger of negative wellbeing impacts and even of turning out to be disabled.Recommendations in such manner have just been made to the Department of Defense and the Department of Veterans Affairs, which have additionally been to a great extent acknowledged by them. It is important that the Department of Veterans Affairs sets up strategies to consider the administration mindful dependent on accessible confirmation to demonstrate that the veterans wer e not presented to supposed harmful of different risky substances as asserted by them to be the primary driver of their incapacities. These systems ought to likewise incorporate arrangements to cover for the life partners and offspring of administration work force who additionally may have been influenced hereditarily or by optional exposures. Change ServicesThe transitional factor in veteran’s term is likewise a significant one since when people travel from the Department of Defense to the Department of Veterans Affair’s wellbeing and recovery offices, because of the absence of information sharing between them key data about the truly harmed veterans is discovered lacking. This obliges the Department of Veterans Affairs to rely upon the untrustworthy information sharing course of action made among them and the neighborhood military treatment offices. This is a significant issue where veterans are concerned and specifically this is unsafe to those of them who are impai red and need professional and other vital administrations. These heedless game plans and practice additionally should be tended to at the most noteworthy discussions of the nation with criticalness (Health, 2006). Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderPTSD has become among the best difficulties being looked by the nation to meet the necessary degrees of social insurance and recovery for military work force. PTSD should be reclassified as an inability since it can end up being ceaseless just as undetectable and it can likewise be rambling. During the interminable stage it tends to be controlled and not be characterized as a handicap through adapting methodologies and in its wordy indication stage where a solitary or progressively significant life capacities is influenced, it might be abused as being brief and be restricted to the pervasive legal meaning of inability. â€Å"The Institute of Medicine has been examining PTSD on a progressing reason for more than two years.While perceiving that the determination, treatment and visualization of PTSD may at times be questionable, and in all cases will be profoundly individualized, NCD suggests that Congress direct further oversight hearings into the VA’s comprehension of the PTSD issue and into the agency’s capacity to manage it viably, and that every fundamental asset be made accessible to upgrade VA’s work around there. † (CRS Order Code RL 32961, June 24, 2005) Cost of War to Connecticut The immediate expense to Connecticut because of the war from the year 2001 till the center of 2006 has been the accompanying as per official sources: While neglecting to give any need to Connecticut’s security concerns, the present administration’s war has guaranteed a substantial cost of 9,604 youthful and bold Connecticut people lives in Iraq.A gigantic strain has been put of the groups of 3,655 Reservists and National Guards who were sent in Afghanistan and Iraq with a considerable lot of them being called over and over to report for obligation. The figures for the over two insights are as per the Department of Defense as on 5/31/06. In Connecticut the organization has neglected to make sure about the ports and fringes sufficiently. The individuals of Connecticut are aggregately attempting to change the war arrangements around and are squeezing for the redeployment of the American Forces as fast as could be expected under the circumstances. Connecticut is battling to respect the penances of the 268,947 veterans who have served for the country and is attempting to guarantee that their due earned advantages are given to them.Due to the war, 40,100 occupations in the assembling enterprises have been lost and at present 75,000 individuals are scanning for employments in Connecticut. The yearly salary per family has dropped to around US$ 274 since the 2000’s in Connecticut and the increasing expenses of consumables has decreased the buy forces of the lowest pay permitte d by law workers to the most minimal levels in 50 years. The individuals of Connecticut likewise feel that as opposed to making occupations that pay well, the organization is giving endowments of billions of dollars in corporate expense for abroad delivery employments, while declining to increment since the most recent nine years the lowest pay permitted by law levels. The Connecticut individuals need to pay $ 3.20 for a gallon of gas by and large, which is 111% more than what it was in January 2001, accordingly constraining families in Connecticut to hold up under and extra $2,695,339,147 cost of $2,001 per each two-vehicle family on gas in contrast with 2001 according to the figures of the â€Å"House Government Reform Committee, Dem. Staff, 7/06†. Medical coverage costs have pointedly brought up in Connecticut s

A Sign of Things to Come

A Sign of Things to Come I guess summer is coming to a close. My schedule was posted on WebSIS. :-( [In all honesty, Im actually really looking forward to this semester. The classes Ill be taking are really good, and Ive wanted to take them for a while.] The double :-( :-( is my Friday. 2 4 pmOUCH. Fortunately, it only meets 7 times the entire semester. That means 5 three day weekends :-) :-) :-) 2.671 Measurement and Instrumentation Experimental techniques for observation and measurement of physical variables such as force, strain, temperature, flowrate, and acceleration. Emphasizes principles of transduction, measurement circuitry, MEMS sensors, Fourier transforms, linear and non-linear function fitting, uncertainty analysis, probability density functions and statistics, system identification, electrical impedance analysis and transfer functions, computer-aided experimentation, and technical reporting. Typical laboratory experiments involve oscilloscopes, electronic circuits including operational amplifiers, thermocouples, strain gauges, digital recorders, lasers, etc. Basic material and lab objectives are developed in lectures. Instruction and practice in oral and written communication provided. 20.430 Fields, Forces, and Flows in Biological Systems Molecular diffusion, diffusion-reaction, conduction, convection in biological systems; fields in heterogeneous media; electrical double layers; Maxwell stress tensor, electrical forces in physiological systems. Fluid and solid continua: equations of motion useful for porous, hydrated biological tissues. Case studies of membrane transport, electrode interfaces, electrical, mechanical, and chemical transduction in tissues, convective-diffusion/reaction, electrophoretic, electroosmotic flows in tissues/MEMs, and ECG. Electromechanical and physicochemical interactions in cells and biomaterials; musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and other biological and clinical examples. 21F.704 Continued study of the language, literature, and culture of Spanish-speaking countries. Materials are from Spain and Latin America and include films, short stories, novels, plays, poetry, and journalistic reports in various media. 2.ThA Undergraduate Thesis How to write your thesis 101 2.A35 Biomimetic Principles and Design

Customary Law and the Status of Indigenous Australians Essay

It is important to always show respect towards the indigenous, acknowledge their laws, their practices and their customs further paying respects to the original custodians of the land. This however does not mean that recognition of aboriginal customary law is essential to improving the status (social position) of indigenous Australians; on the contrary it poses more problems than solutions. Although law is seen as the fabric of existence and intrinsic to living, it is impossible to judge one legal system in terms of another. As such, while there are many positive aspects of aboriginal customary law, which is merely just different and in no means (worse) or (better) than English common law, its enforcement is not essential to improving the†¦show more content†¦Moreover, the ability to determine which laws are in affect with which Indigenous and non-indigenous Australian’s becomes limited and the issue falls to public disapproval. Due to the unwritten nature of aborigi nal customary law confusion would arise as to who must/can abide by certain customary laws and punishments for those who disobey. An injustice would then occur when distinguishing which indigenous Australian’s receive the blanket of customary law and whether or not it extends to half casts and if so, to whom does it extend. This general confusion would create not only laws that are un-easy to follow but would also create many general misinterpretations of the law and could lead to further racism attitudes. Said racism attitudes would ignite when scrutiny over punishments and who receives them arises while people strive for equality and argue over the degree of fairness received. This scrutiny not only hinders the status of indigenous Australian’s rather than improving it, but can also lead to future hostilities and class/status debates again creating the possibility of a negative impact. There are various other remedies that could be implemented in order to improve the status of Indigenous Australia’s especially with the flexible common law structure, some of which have already beenShow MoreRelatedIndigenous Australians1522 Words   |  7 PagesAustralian aboriginals are a group of people who are deemed to be the indigenous occupants of Australia. The Australian High Court appreciated them to share a common as well as biological ancestry as Australias original occupants (de Plevitz, Croft, 2003). There has however been a lot of ignorance with reference to this group of people more so from the Australians. This has mostly been due to ignorance of these people with most arguments and opinions based on myths (Morphy, Morphy, 1984, p.459-478)Read MoreThe Effectiveness of the Law in Achieving Justice for Indigenous People3090 Words   |  13 PagesThe Effectiveness of the Law in Achieving Justice for Indigenous People In relation to Australia, the term ‘Indigenous peoples’ refers to two distinct cultures of people who inhabited the land prior to European settlement – The Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islanders. This population declined dramatically over the 19th and early 20th century due to the introduction of new diseases from European settlement, Government policies of dispersal and dispossession, the eraRead MoreHuman Rights And The Rights1857 Words   |  8 Pagesseries of basic rights afforded to all human beings and officially adopted by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), created in 1948. As human rights are soft law and are indoctrinated through international customary law, they are not enforceable, and rely on nation states to consent to enforce these rights under domestic law. Many human rights in Australia have been made into legislation under Australian Parliamentary Democracy and are protected by institutions such as the Australian Human

Racism, Feminism, And Sexism - 1450 Words

We ve all heard it and seen it before, the many opinions and large voices that speak out on important matters. But, do we ever consider the true meaning on these important matters, or do we tend to listen to everyone else s thoughts to form our own? Racism, feminism and sexism are all three very common issues that many seen throughout the news stations and the media. We all talk about how important making a change and standing up for what is right, but no one speaks up or says anything when a topic like these three are becoming more relevant, that is until recently. The world is always evolving and within the past few months we have been able to witness the words and actions of those around us increase. The amounts of stories, riots, and†¦show more content†¦My husband and I met over five years ago when he arrived at West Virginia University as a transfer student from the Middle East. Like I stated, we have been together for five years and still to this day, the amount of lo oks and comments we receive is unbelievable. My own grandfather, who is a pastor, talks about my relationship and puts thoughts into my family s mind on how my husband will treat me with no respect and force me to become something I am not. My Grandfather has never met my husband before, but continues to share these rumors in hopes that I will decide leave him. Another example would be when I am out and I have to give my name and my husband s name, I always get the response, Yeah, I can see why you didn t take his last name. Individuals assume that I did not take my husband s last name because of the length and the unfamiliar sound of it, but it is actually a part of his culture for women to keep their own last name. I had thought we lived in a day in age where all types of races became accepted, but I was very wrong. My husband treats me better than anyone in this world has and to think that people would judge him based on his skin color and for his religious beliefs is ridiculous . Racism is very much still around and having experienced it myself, it can make anyone feel degraded and less of a human being. I will always fight for equal race and I hope one day weShow MoreRelatedBlack Feminist1005 Words   |  5 PagesPress). Black feminism argues that sexism, social class oppression, and racism are inseparably bound together (Collins). The feminist movement has been around since the 1880s when the word â€Å"Feminism† appeared in the French language (Collins). The word found traction in Britain in the 1890s, and the United States in 1910, feminism sought to influence popular culture by its very presence and by its persistent demands to be recognized as the official voice of all women (â€Å"What is Feminism†). Although theRead MoreAnalysis Of Bell Hooks And Frantz Fanon1401 Words   |  6 PagesBoth philosophers, bell hooks and Frantz Fanon, address the problem of equality. In Feminism is for Everybody, hooks defines feminism as a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression. Hooks begins by stating feminism is for everybody (2000) and that it is an attempt to end sexism though reform feminism. In â€Å"Racism and Culture,† Fanon investigates whether ending racism is due to cultural relativity. In the book by Gloria Anzaldua Borderlands/La Frontera, she describes the personalRead MoreBlack Women And Feminism By Bell Hooks Ain t I A Woman1717 Words   |  7 Pagesoppressed since they first arrived to the American colonies. Bell Hooks’ Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism traces the steps of slavery to the feminist movements in the 1970s. Written from a black feminist perspective, the book examines the impact of sexism during slavery, the devaluation of black womanhood, the imperialism of patriarchy, racism and feminism, and black women and feminism. Hooks attempts to move beyond racist and sexist assumptions regarding black women and to further the dialogueRead MoreI Am a Woman, Too: Feminism to the Black Woman966 Words   |  4 Pagesendure years of sexism and struggle to get to where we are today. The struggle was even more difficult for women of color because not only were they dealing with issues of sexism, but also racism. Many movements have helped black women during the past centuries to overcome sexism, racism, and adversities that were set against them. History tells us that movements such as the Feminist Movement helped empower all women, but this fact is not totally true. In this paper, I will discuss feminism, the movementsRead MoreI Am A Woman,Too: Feminism To The Black Woman Essay examples941 Words   |  4 Pagesendure years of sexism and struggle to get to where we are today. The struggle was even more difficult for women of color because not only were they dealing with issues of sexism, but also racism. Many movements have helped black women during the past centuries to overcome sexism, racism, and adversities that were set against them. History tells us that movements such as the Feminist Movement helped empower all women, but this fact is not totally true. In this paper, I will discuss feminism, the movementsRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Bell Hooks 1077 Words   |  5 Pagesthis, one of which is rhetorical devices. Bell hooks, the author of Feminism is for Everybody, writes to persuade the reader to her own cause: feminism. She uses rhetorical devices, which can be used to persuade—or dissuade—readers in comparison to the writer’s own point of view. Division is a strategy which is used to convey the meaning of a word or a phrase to the reader. Hooks uses this well, splitting her own definition of feminism into three, much simpler, phrases—for the mathematicians in the worldRead MoreCritically Examine How Black Feminism Emerged And Assess1229 Words   |  5 PagesBlack feminism emerged and assess its impact on contemporary feminist theory. Answer with reference to intersectionality and ‘difference . feminism means the equality between men and women in social, political and social standing. There are many different types of feminism that women have adopted that they best feel aligns with their perspectives of the world. This essay will mainly be focusing black feminism that was developed in the 1960s. The essay will examine why the black feminism movementRead MoreRacism And Racism Essay986 Words   |  4 Pagessimilarities between sexism and racism. Sexism occurs when a person’s gender or sex is used as the basis for discriminating. Females are more susceptible to sexism although males are also susceptible. Sexual harassment and rape are examples of extreme cases of sexism. Racism occurs when people of a particular race or ethnicity are discriminated against or made to feel inferior. The primary outcome of the paper after comparison is to determine most dehumanizing act between racism and sexism. The first similarityRead MoreFeminism Is for Everybody1388 Words   |  6 Pageshooks, bell. ed., Feminism Is For Everybody Passionate Politics (South End Press, 7 Brookline Street, #1, Cambridge, MA 02139). Feminism is for everybody is a political book that addresses the ideas of womens rights as a whole entire gender as well as individually. The book also ties the Civil Rights Movement as a catalyst for a feminist movement. The book is mainly written chronologically which shows the progression in thinking of the world. She writes about when she first saw and experiencedRead MoreOutline and Asses the Feminist Explanations of Gender Inequalities897 Words   |  4 Pagesoptimistic. She has said that not all women take on caring roles because of their socialisation. They may react against their socialisation, or pursue a career. Secondly, liberal feminism has been criticised because it tends to assume that all women accept their gender identities in a passive way. Liberal feminism also does not take race or class into consideration. Marxist feminists believe womens subordination is down to the influence of capitalism. Women are seen as a reserve army of labour

Peer Pressure Is One Thing That All Teens Have in Common Free Essays

Young people often feel pressed when they are included in a group. Some argue that young people under pressure gain more benefits than, for instance,others who do not have such pressure. In my opinion, young people should withstand that pressure because it is essential. We will write a custom essay sample on Peer Pressure Is One Thing That All Teens Have in Common or any similar topic only for you Order Now Peer group pressure has several advantages for young people. Firstly, it encourages young people to learn from others. For instance, students who enrolled in the same course in college may probably compete with each other. Some students who have poor-academic performance might feel stressful, and therefore they tend to catch up with others or communicate with each other. Secondly, young people may adjust their behavior in a way that most young people used to do in one group. Young people seek to be included rather then excluded. Pressure from group may persuade young people to study a new skill or an interesting subject. Lastly, as a psychological practice, pressure can make young people grown-up.Pressure can enforce young people to change in a way that their behavior may be more acceptable in society. In consequence, young people taking a good approach to face pressure will have more opportunities to be sucessful in their life. However, pressure is bound to have some harmful effects. Nowadays perhaps, young people in general are not as strong as previous generation of young people, who used to face a variety of pressure. As a result, some young people may feel more upset or disappointed.In addition, they may have the possibiliy that they fail to face pressure , and as a result they may alter their life into a negative side. To sum up, it is clear that Pressure from group has had both positive and negative effects on young people’s behavior. I believe that parents should teach them how to encounter different types of pressure around the life and give them more useful tips , and encourage them to accept more challenges. However, young people should also find a good solution to remove their own negative feelings, such as do more sports and listen music. How to cite Peer Pressure Is One Thing That All Teens Have in Common, Papers

The Ethical Issues behind Plastic Surgery free essay sample

Thomas McElhenney The Ethical Issues behind Cosmetic Surgery, and how JS Mill and Immanuel Kant would view it The article I chose is entitled Ethnic Differences Emerge in Plastic Surgery and was written by Sam Dolnlck for the New York Times on February 19, 2011. It explains that cosmetic plastic surgery is no longer an opportunity limited to wealthy suburbanites. In New York City, there has been a surge of immigrants having plastic surgeries that are correlated with their ethnic beauty standards. Furthermore, doctors practicing in various ethnic enclaves throughout the city have seen; Italians having their knees eshaped, Egyptians getting face-lifts, Iranians getting nose Jobs, Dominican women getting their buttocks lifted, Asians having double eye-lid surgery or receiving a crease In their eyelids to make their eyes appear rounder, and Russians getting breast implants. The article goes on to contrast the cultural beauty standards or tastes between one group of wealthy Long Island suburbanites with Washington Heights ancestrally Dominican citizens, where, in Long Island suburbs they want fat removed from their behinds, and in Washington Heights they want their rear ends enlarged and rounded. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ethical Issues behind Plastic Surgery or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are three ethical issues present in this article, the first being the usage of surgery to improve patients psychological self-esteem Issues versus the usage of surgery for traditional health reasons. The second issue is the fact that doctors are willing to offer layaway plans to help patients afford operations, but even more precarious, unlicensed practitioners are performing illegal surgery throughout most ethnic enclaves. The third is the belief that American pop culture and media have a role In affecting peoples personal awareness and Ideals of beauty, and this is making them much more willing to have unnecessary cosmetic plastic urgery performed. John Stuart Mills utilitarian doctrine Is the first ethical theory I chose to apply to these ethical problems. Mill argued that morality is based on the consequences you take, and that consequences must be a means to increase utility or pleasure (Utilitarianism: Of What Sort of Proof the, para 3,9). To the first ethical Issue, Mill would most likely say that people who undergo cosmetic plastic surgery are moral because they are acting accordance with increasing happiness. However, they are acting upon a lower pleasure, which Is vanity, and although this may bring ome Joy, it is something that can become an endless pursuit. Towards the second Issue, Mill would most likely say that the legality of the operations, and how the surgery is paid for, is superfluous to morality. If there is a tendency for patients to come out feeling and looking better, than the surgeon has done his or her Job and there Is nothing immoral going on. However, If there Is a tendency for people to leave these places, where layaway is acceptable and the surgeons do not have licenses to practice, In pain and vexation, there is something Immoral about this particular situation. One could further argue, that performing surgery illegally and allowing layaway for surgery is based In greed. To this I believe Mill would still say that it is the patients responses that matter, for they are the ones who choose to have the surgery Illegally. and If they have gained more pleasure through the experience, 1 OF3 tne actlons taken Dy tne Illegal surgeons or greedy doctors was moral (utllltarlanlsm: Of What Sort of Proof, para 6). To the last part, is media and pop culture responsible for unnecessary surgery, and people unhealthy personal beauty obsessions, he would say, generally no. Although he might say that certain parts of media are potent at changing the way people view their bodies and other peoples bodies, and may make people obsessively drawn into the lower pleasures of cosmetic bodily improvement. Immanuel Kants Deontological ethics is the second theory I chose to administer to the article. Kant argues that for an action to have genuine moral worth, it must be done out of duty, or from pure intentions. People or semi-rational beings must not allow subjective experiences and past events, or particular circumstances, determine what actions are morally right, but must act to achieve the categorical mperative, thus making every intention and every action together an end in itself (Groundwork: Moving from popular, para 2-4, 6-7). To the first, again being the usage of surgery for traditional reasons, versus the usage of surgery for patients who have psychological self-esteem issues; they believe that having cosmetic surgery will result in looking better and therefore bring happiness. Kant would strongly see this as immoral, as it is first off not being used to preserve ones life, and it is seeking out happiness through picking means which Kant believes will only lead to pain Groundwork: Moving from popular moral, para 15-16). Also cosmetic plastic surgery is not universafiable because it means that our self-love is based off of subjective contingent circumstances, and not based off of self-love because we are semi- rational beings. To the second ethical theory being layaway plans and illegal surgery, Kant would probably see the layaway plans as bad in that if everyone had layaway, there would not be any true ownership, and everyone would be in debt to someone else. Illegal surgery is also not universifiable in that, if it were universifiable, there ould be no legality, and the state laws for surgical practices would not exist. As to whether Kant would see people receiving cosmetic plastic surgery as victims of our hyper-idealized beauty popular culture and media, he would probably say yes, there is a problem. Pop culture, the media, and social networks certainly do have an insidiously furtive part in how we behave, and what we believe is beautiful. To go out of your way to make yourself more beautiful because someone or something tells you to do so, especially if it is instilled upon you in a covert way, is not acting in ccordance with freedom. It is dually leading you to use surgery as a mere means to happiness, and using you as a mere means to waste your money on advertised beauty/ diet products, more surgery, and more repetitive mindless television shows. In terms of which ethical theory best resolves the ethical issues spurred by this article, I would have to say Kants theory of good intentions is most critical and affirmative. All of these ethical issues I have raised have questionable intentions behind them. If I were to go with Mill, I certainly would be a lot more lenient with these issues. That is not necessarily a bad thing, since these peoples actions are not necessarily questionable. Their actions are somewhat good, because whether you are the patient, the doctor, or the pop culture media (entertainment) you are aiming at or supposedly affecting happiness (in a Mill sense). But their intentions are somewhat convoluted, and in my opinion, impure. I believe most of the doctors have greed as their intention, especially those who are willing to perform surgery illegally. Sure, the Illegal surgeons may De acting In a proper way, tnat Is, tney may perTorm tne surgery roperly. But behind it all is an intention of surreptitiously avoiding the rules of the state to save money, meanwhile being completely liable to malpractice and putting in jeopardy their lives and the lives of their patients. The patients may know that these doctors are quacks, but if they dont, then in fact they are being lied to and are being placed under the knives of surgeons who are dishonest and hence treating the patients as a mere means. Furthermore, I believe anyone who is getting cosmetic plastic surgery based off of established beauty standards, unless in some horrific ccident or bearing some horrific deformity is impure in their reasoning.